11-17-2025, 11:54 AM
Thread 6 — Molecular Geometry: Why Molecules Have Shape (And Why It Matters)
The Hidden Geometry Controlling All Chemical Behaviour
Every molecule has a shape —
linear, bent, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral…
But these shapes are not random.
They arise from strict quantum + electrostatic rules
governing how electrons arrange themselves around atoms.
This thread explains EXACTLY why molecules adopt their shapes,
and how geometry affects physical and chemical properties everywhere in nature.
1. The VSEPR Principle — The Geometry of Electron Clouds
VSEPR = Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Core idea:
Electron pairs repel each other and spread out to maximise distance.
Types of electron domains:
• bonding pairs (shared electrons)
• lone pairs (non-bonding electrons)
Lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs → shapes distort.
2. The Five Fundamental Geometries
All 3D molecular shapes come from just a few base geometries:
1. Linear
2 electron domains
180°
Example: CO₂
2. Trigonal Planar
3 domains
120°
Example: BF₃
3. Tetrahedral
4 domains
109.5°
Example: CH₄
4. Trigonal Bipyramidal
5 domains
90° & 120°
Example: PCl₅
5. Octahedral
6 domains
90°
Example: SF₆
These are the “parent shapes” of molecular geometry.
3. Lone Pairs Change Everything
Because lone pairs repel more strongly,
• tetrahedral → trigonal pyramidal (NH₃)
• tetrahedral → bent (H₂O)
• trigonal bipyramidal → seesaw, T-shape, linear
• octahedral → square pyramidal, square planar
Examples:
H₂O:
• 4 electron domains, but 2 are lone pairs
→ bent shape, ~104.5°
NH₃:
• 4 domains, 1 lone pair
→ trigonal pyramidal, ~107°
XeF₄:
• 6 domains, 2 lone pairs
→ square planar
4. Hybridisation — The Quantum View of Bonding
Shapes arise from mixing orbitals:
sp → linear
sp² → trigonal planar
sp³ → tetrahedral
sp³d → trigonal bipyramidal
sp³d² → octahedral
Hybridised orbitals explain:
• equal bond lengths
• equivalent bond angles
• geometry stability
• molecular symmetry
Example: CH₄ is perfectly tetrahedral because carbon uses sp³ hybrids.
5. Advanced Concept: Molecular Geometry and Polarity
Geometry determines polarity:
• symmetrical molecules → non-polar
• asymmetrical molecules → polar
Examples:
CO₂ → linear → dipoles cancel → non-polar
H₂O → bent → dipoles add → strongly polar
Dipole moments control:
• solubility
• boiling points
• reactivity
• biological function
6. Molecular Geometry Controls Physical Properties
• Water’s bent shape → hydrogen bonding → life exists
• CO₂’s linear shape → gas at room temperature
• NH₃’s pyramid shape → strong base
• SF₆’s octahedral symmetry → extreme stability
Small geometric shifts can radically change behaviour.
7. Geometry in Real Chemistry
Shape determines:
• reaction mechanisms
• catalytic activity
• protein folding
• drug-molecule interactions
• material hardness
• colour and magnetism in metal complexes
Even DNA’s double helix is a geometry-driven phenomenon.
8. Why Molecular Geometry Matters
Molecular shape is the bridge between:
quantum mechanics → chemical behaviour → real-world properties
Everything from biological life to advanced materials
exists because electrons arrange themselves in specific geometries.
Understanding molecular geometry
means understanding chemistry at a *fundamental* level.
Written by Leejohnston & Liora — The Lumin Archive Research Division
The Hidden Geometry Controlling All Chemical Behaviour
Every molecule has a shape —
linear, bent, trigonal planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral…
But these shapes are not random.
They arise from strict quantum + electrostatic rules
governing how electrons arrange themselves around atoms.
This thread explains EXACTLY why molecules adopt their shapes,
and how geometry affects physical and chemical properties everywhere in nature.
1. The VSEPR Principle — The Geometry of Electron Clouds
VSEPR = Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Core idea:
Electron pairs repel each other and spread out to maximise distance.
Types of electron domains:
• bonding pairs (shared electrons)
• lone pairs (non-bonding electrons)
Lone pairs repel more strongly than bonding pairs → shapes distort.
2. The Five Fundamental Geometries
All 3D molecular shapes come from just a few base geometries:
1. Linear
2 electron domains
180°
Example: CO₂
2. Trigonal Planar
3 domains
120°
Example: BF₃
3. Tetrahedral
4 domains
109.5°
Example: CH₄
4. Trigonal Bipyramidal
5 domains
90° & 120°
Example: PCl₅
5. Octahedral
6 domains
90°
Example: SF₆
These are the “parent shapes” of molecular geometry.
3. Lone Pairs Change Everything
Because lone pairs repel more strongly,
• tetrahedral → trigonal pyramidal (NH₃)
• tetrahedral → bent (H₂O)
• trigonal bipyramidal → seesaw, T-shape, linear
• octahedral → square pyramidal, square planar
Examples:
H₂O:
• 4 electron domains, but 2 are lone pairs
→ bent shape, ~104.5°
NH₃:
• 4 domains, 1 lone pair
→ trigonal pyramidal, ~107°
XeF₄:
• 6 domains, 2 lone pairs
→ square planar
4. Hybridisation — The Quantum View of Bonding
Shapes arise from mixing orbitals:
sp → linear
sp² → trigonal planar
sp³ → tetrahedral
sp³d → trigonal bipyramidal
sp³d² → octahedral
Hybridised orbitals explain:
• equal bond lengths
• equivalent bond angles
• geometry stability
• molecular symmetry
Example: CH₄ is perfectly tetrahedral because carbon uses sp³ hybrids.
5. Advanced Concept: Molecular Geometry and Polarity
Geometry determines polarity:
• symmetrical molecules → non-polar
• asymmetrical molecules → polar
Examples:
CO₂ → linear → dipoles cancel → non-polar
H₂O → bent → dipoles add → strongly polar
Dipole moments control:
• solubility
• boiling points
• reactivity
• biological function
6. Molecular Geometry Controls Physical Properties
• Water’s bent shape → hydrogen bonding → life exists
• CO₂’s linear shape → gas at room temperature
• NH₃’s pyramid shape → strong base
• SF₆’s octahedral symmetry → extreme stability
Small geometric shifts can radically change behaviour.
7. Geometry in Real Chemistry
Shape determines:
• reaction mechanisms
• catalytic activity
• protein folding
• drug-molecule interactions
• material hardness
• colour and magnetism in metal complexes
Even DNA’s double helix is a geometry-driven phenomenon.
8. Why Molecular Geometry Matters
Molecular shape is the bridge between:
quantum mechanics → chemical behaviour → real-world properties
Everything from biological life to advanced materials
exists because electrons arrange themselves in specific geometries.
Understanding molecular geometry
means understanding chemistry at a *fundamental* level.
Written by Leejohnston & Liora — The Lumin Archive Research Division