11-17-2025, 02:34 PM
Thread 4 — Transistors
How Switching & Amplification Power the Modern World
Transistors are the most important electronic components ever created.
They act as the fundamental building blocks of:
• amplifiers
• logic gates
• microcontrollers
• CPUs and GPUs
• memory
• power electronics
This thread introduces the two main families of transistors — BJTs and MOSFETs — and explains how they switch and amplify signals.
1. What Is a Transistor?
A transistor is a semiconductor device that can:
• amplify signals
• switch current on/off
• control power flow
It acts like an electronically controlled valve.
Two main types dominate electronics:
• BJT — Bipolar Junction Transistor
• MOSFET — Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
Both do similar jobs but work in different ways.
2. BJT — Bipolar Junction Transistor
BJTs come in two types:
• NPN
• PNP
They have three terminals:
• Base (B)
• Collector ©
• Emitter (E)
NPN symbol:
C
|
B --|<
|
E
(basic ASCII-safe representation)
How BJTs work:
A small current into the Base controls a larger current from Collector → Emitter.
This makes BJTs good for:
• signal amplification
• analog circuits
• audio electronics
• switching small loads
3. BJT Regions of Operation
BJTs operate in three main regions:
• Cut-off → OFF (no current flows)
• Active region → amplification
• Saturation → fully ON (switch closed)
Switching circuits use:
• cut-off
• saturation
Amplifiers use:
• active region
4. MOSFET — The King of Modern Electronics
MOSFETs dominate modern digital and power electronics.
They have three terminals:
• Gate (G)
• Drain (D)
• Source (S)
Types:
• N-channel
• P-channel
N-channel symbol (simplified):
D
|
|-----
| \
S---| ) Gate
\/
Key principle:
A MOSFET is voltage-controlled.
It requires almost no current at the gate, only a small charge.
This is why MOSFETs power:
• CPUs
• GPUs
• RAM
• SSD controllers
• power supplies
• motor controllers
5. MOSFET Operation (Simple Explanation)
When the Gate voltage exceeds a threshold (V_th):
• an electron channel forms
• current flows from Drain to Source
When Gate voltage is removed:
• the channel collapses
• current stops
This makes MOSFETs incredibly efficient, fast switches.
6. BJT vs MOSFET — When to Use Which
BJT advantages:
• good for small-signal amplification
• smooth analog behaviour
• cheap and robust
MOSFET advantages:
• extremely fast switching
• handles high currents
• very low power consumption
• essential for digital logic
Rule of thumb:
• Use BJTs for small analog circuits
• Use MOSFETs for switching and digital
7. Practical Example — Transistor as a Switch
Goal: Turn an LED on/off using a small input signal.
Circuit (ASCII-safe):
Input →[Base] BJT NPN → LED → Resistor → +5V
Emitter → GND
Collector → LED
When Base signal = HIGH → LED lights
When Base signal = LOW → LED off
Used in:
• microcontroller outputs
• sensor-triggered lighting
• relay driving circuits
8. MOSFET Example — Power Control
Ideal for powering motors or high-current loads.
N-channel low-side switch:
Gate → control signal
Drain → motor → +12V
Source → GND
If Gate voltage > threshold → motor receives power.
Applications:
• robotics
• drones
• PC power supplies
• automotive electronics
9. Why Transistors Matter
Every logic gate is made from transistors.
Every microprocessor contains billions of MOSFETs.
Every amplifier, speaker, radio, phone, laptop — all depend on transistors.
The transistor is the central invention of the digital age.
10. What Comes Next?
Now that you understand transistors, the next natural threads are:
• Thread 5 — Logic Gates & Boolean Logic
• Thread 6 — Microcontrollers & Embedded Systems
• Thread 7 — Power Electronics
Each will build on what you’ve learned here.
End of Thread — Transistors
How Switching & Amplification Power the Modern World
Transistors are the most important electronic components ever created.
They act as the fundamental building blocks of:
• amplifiers
• logic gates
• microcontrollers
• CPUs and GPUs
• memory
• power electronics
This thread introduces the two main families of transistors — BJTs and MOSFETs — and explains how they switch and amplify signals.
1. What Is a Transistor?
A transistor is a semiconductor device that can:
• amplify signals
• switch current on/off
• control power flow
It acts like an electronically controlled valve.
Two main types dominate electronics:
• BJT — Bipolar Junction Transistor
• MOSFET — Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
Both do similar jobs but work in different ways.
2. BJT — Bipolar Junction Transistor
BJTs come in two types:
• NPN
• PNP
They have three terminals:
• Base (B)
• Collector ©
• Emitter (E)
NPN symbol:
C
|
B --|<
|
E
(basic ASCII-safe representation)
How BJTs work:
A small current into the Base controls a larger current from Collector → Emitter.
This makes BJTs good for:
• signal amplification
• analog circuits
• audio electronics
• switching small loads
3. BJT Regions of Operation
BJTs operate in three main regions:
• Cut-off → OFF (no current flows)
• Active region → amplification
• Saturation → fully ON (switch closed)
Switching circuits use:
• cut-off
• saturation
Amplifiers use:
• active region
4. MOSFET — The King of Modern Electronics
MOSFETs dominate modern digital and power electronics.
They have three terminals:
• Gate (G)
• Drain (D)
• Source (S)
Types:
• N-channel
• P-channel
N-channel symbol (simplified):
D
|
|-----
| \
S---| ) Gate
\/
Key principle:
A MOSFET is voltage-controlled.
It requires almost no current at the gate, only a small charge.
This is why MOSFETs power:
• CPUs
• GPUs
• RAM
• SSD controllers
• power supplies
• motor controllers
5. MOSFET Operation (Simple Explanation)
When the Gate voltage exceeds a threshold (V_th):
• an electron channel forms
• current flows from Drain to Source
When Gate voltage is removed:
• the channel collapses
• current stops
This makes MOSFETs incredibly efficient, fast switches.
6. BJT vs MOSFET — When to Use Which
BJT advantages:
• good for small-signal amplification
• smooth analog behaviour
• cheap and robust
MOSFET advantages:
• extremely fast switching
• handles high currents
• very low power consumption
• essential for digital logic
Rule of thumb:
• Use BJTs for small analog circuits
• Use MOSFETs for switching and digital
7. Practical Example — Transistor as a Switch
Goal: Turn an LED on/off using a small input signal.
Circuit (ASCII-safe):
Input →[Base] BJT NPN → LED → Resistor → +5V
Emitter → GND
Collector → LED
When Base signal = HIGH → LED lights
When Base signal = LOW → LED off
Used in:
• microcontroller outputs
• sensor-triggered lighting
• relay driving circuits
8. MOSFET Example — Power Control
Ideal for powering motors or high-current loads.
N-channel low-side switch:
Gate → control signal
Drain → motor → +12V
Source → GND
If Gate voltage > threshold → motor receives power.
Applications:
• robotics
• drones
• PC power supplies
• automotive electronics
9. Why Transistors Matter
Every logic gate is made from transistors.
Every microprocessor contains billions of MOSFETs.
Every amplifier, speaker, radio, phone, laptop — all depend on transistors.
The transistor is the central invention of the digital age.
10. What Comes Next?
Now that you understand transistors, the next natural threads are:
• Thread 5 — Logic Gates & Boolean Logic
• Thread 6 — Microcontrollers & Embedded Systems
• Thread 7 — Power Electronics
Each will build on what you’ve learned here.
End of Thread — Transistors